^ THE br THF CITY '■i'PM^%M VANCOUVER TOWN PLANNING COMMISSION OCTOBER, I9A7 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from City of Vancouver Archives http://www.archive.org/details/appearanceofcityOOvanc A PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE CITY'S APPEARANCE VANCOUVER. I'.RITISH COLU^rP.lA VANCOUVER TOWN PLANNING COMMISSION VANTOmER Bf. HARLAND BARTHOLOMEW AND ASSOCIATES Town Planning Consultants Saint Louis, ]\hssouRi SEPTEMnER, 1947 Price: $0.25 Photcnjraph by Leonard Fraiih One of Vancouver's Beautiful Residential Streets VANCOUVER CITY COUNCIL 1947 Acting Mayor Alderman Charles Jones (From 1st September) Aldermen D. CoRNETT S. p. Cromie A. \\'. FisHER R. K. Gervin George C. Miller Jack Price Charles E. Thompson CITY OFFICIALS City Comptroller Frank Jones Corporation Counsel D. E. McTaggart, b.a., k.c. City Engineer ..Charles A. Battershill, b.sc, c.e., m.a.s.c.e. City Clerk Ronald Thompson City Solicitor A. E. Lord Medical Health Officer .S. Stewart Murray, m.d., d.p.h. Building Ins]:)ector Andrew Haggart VANCOUVER TOWN PLANNING COMMISSION 1947 Members Harry V. Jackson, Chairman Joseph Rrigc.s, I'ice-Clwiruiaii Eari. M. Bexnett, PHM.r.. H. J. De Graves C. D. Houghland Frank E. Buck, b.s.a. F. N. Hamilton J. C. McPherson, m.a.i. W. R. Owen E.v-Officio Members Alderman Jack Price Representing Vancouver City Council E. A. Cleveland, ll.d., m.e.i.c Chairman. Vancouver and Districts Joint Sewerage anJ Drainage Board Elmore Meredith, b.a Representing Board of School Trustees George Thompson Representing Board of Park Commissioners F. W. G. Sergant Representing \'ancouver Port Authority Staff J. Alexander W'alkek, h.a.sc, c.e., m.e.i.c, E.rceutiz'e Engineer Lawrence R. Munroi:, b.a.sc, Enijineer-Draiiijlilsiiuiii F. Marjokie Ross, Secretary TOWN PLAXXIXG CONSULTANTS Harland Bartholomew and Associates Harland Bartholomew Russell H. Riley Eldridge H. Lovelace Resident Engineer J. Alexander Walker, b.a.sc, c.e., m.e.i.c Staff, l^'ancoufer John H. F. Eassie M. Isobel Beveridge ZONING BY-LAW^ BOARD OF APPEAL Douglas W. Reeve, Chairman R. M. Edgar John Elliott, b c.l s. Albert J. Harrison, Secretary 5 HARLAND BARTHOLOMEW AND ASSOCIATES city planners - civil engineers - landscape architects 317 north eleventh street Saint Louis i, Missouri September, 1947. Town Planning Commission, Vancouver, British Columbia. Gentlemen : In accordance with our agreement we are pleased to submit here- with our preliminary report upon the Appearance of the City. This is the final of a series of reports constituting yovn- revised town plan. Preceding reports contain many proposals and recommendations for improving the basic physical structure of the city which will provide for increased conveniences, efiiciencies, and economies throughout the urban area. The accompanying report contains recom- mendations that will provide for more desirable living conditions by improving the appearance and amenities of the various physical facilities and of the many private residents, stores, and industries which they serve. During the preparation of this report we have had the most helpful co-operation from various officials, organizations, and individuals. Respectfully submitted, HARLAND BARTl K )LO.ME\\' AND ASSOCL\TES B\ Russell H. Riley. l.s l,s 1') TABJ.E OF CONTENTS Pane JXTRODL'CTIOX ,, Status (it X'aiK'din (T I j DEVELOPMENT OF A WELL ARRANGED CITY TO MAKF THE MOST OF THE NATURAL ADVANTAGES OF THE SITE ' ^ \i Ofder and CleanliiK-ss.- __ __._ I3 A])pearaiK-e (tf I'uhlic Pi-(i|)ert\-...._ ]4 Streets ._ 1 1 Major Streets. _ _ _ I_|. Highway Entrances Poles and Wires Street Trees Boulevard Lawn Maintenance Pavement of Streets and Sidewalks ..__ 20 Public Buildings _ 20 Schools and Parks... iq A|)|)earaiice of I'rivate Propertv. .. 20 Downtown Area i\ t'oniniercial Areas ?[ Industrial Areas >j Semi-]juhIiL I^uildings 2' Vacant Propert\ 7? Residential Areas ->i Signs and Billboards >3 Smoke . 7^ Appendix I )c; Appendix II 29 INTRODUCTION The preceeding Reports upon the many elements which make up a Master Plan have dealt with the arrangement of public services and facilities and private build- ings into an efficacious and satisfactory ])attern to serve a future \"ancouver of approximately half a million persons. The Town Plan, to be properly balanced and complete, must show clearly how the cit}' may be made more pleasing to the eye. It is not enough that this future city be a smooth-functioning organism; it must be a pleasant, healthful, attractive place in which each citizen may live fully. We require more of our automobiles than that they operate efficiently and give us a maximum mileage per gallon of gasoline; they must also have a good appearance. We require more of our clothing tlian it be warm and comfortable; it must look well, also. Similarly the city's appearance is important as it affects the daily life of every citizen. Beauty is not a luxury. It is as important in a modern city as in the design of an automobile or the cut or style of our clothing. Many ancient and medieval cities were designed both for the purpose of utility as well as for bringing about an imposing appearance of ce-tain public buildings and avenues. In the planning of a modern city, as in the designing of clothing and automobiles, no attempt is made to plan for the purpose of producing visual effects alone. A well planned and well arranged city can be an attractive city. Wide boulevards for example, are a useful jiart of the urban structure while contributing greatly to the appearance of the community. In the overall planning of a city not only should careful attention and consideration be given to the character and arrangement of the urban area but to the design of the various individual elements such as parks, streets, and private and public structures also. The appear- ance of a city not only has a pronounced influence on the morale of its citizens but is the measure by which visitors are most likely to judge the entire character of the community and its people. STATUS OF \-Ai\CC)U\'ER Vancouver's magnificent setting, with its wonderful mountain scenery, forested foothills and marine vistas is virtually unequalled. These are Nature's handi- works. However, the man-made city ajipears s(irdid and ugly because of the contrast with this magnificent scenic background. In general appearance much of \^ancouver is an affront to its setting. Many buildings are drab and undistin- guished. Some of the early structures were built of timber and a considerable number of these still survive in the downtown .section and are in a verv delapi- dated condition. The demolition of most of them is long o\erdue as they detract greatly from the fine modern structures in close proximity. This condition in much of the older portions presents a barren, awkward, frontier-like appearance. By careful planning, wise forethought and cooperative effort, the general appearance of \"ancouver can, and — in fact — must, be greatly improved. As the city's appearance is affected by the design and condition of each individual prop- erty, the appearance of the city as a whole is the responsibility not only of the public officials and public agencies but also of each and every i)rivate citizen. 11 DEVELOPMENT OF A WELL ARRANGED CITY TO MAKE THE MOST OF THE NATURAL ADVANTAGES OF THE SITE X'ancouver is located upon a site that is unrivalled from the standpoint of both interesting terrain and the views that are afforded from the site itself. The toi)o- graph}- of the site is generally gently rolling and favourable to urban development with sufficient variety to preclude monotony. From the higher elevations to the west, south, and east, many magnificent views of the downtown skyline can be obtained. Tlie outstanding instance of the preservation of natural beautv, of course, is Stanley Park. Marine Drive around Point Grey, of which the citv secured con- trol a few years ago, and Queen Elizabeth Park on Little ^fountain are other notable examples. The Town Plan proposes the development of a well organized and arranged city, taking the fullest possible advantage of this magnificent site. The Plan pro- vides that the use of land in each part of the city shall be controlled according to its most appropriate function. Efficient zoning regulations, keeping each use — residen- trial. commercial and industrial — in its proper place, will deter a haphazard and hodge-podge pattern which, in addition to its other faults, is so unsightlv. Xdt only increased efficiency and orderliness but a more attractive communit\ will naturally result as the Plan is gradually implemented. ORDER AND CLEANLINESS The keeping of all premises neat and clean contributes greatly to the citv's appearance. Modern life requires the use of many varieties of material, a large amount of which is soon discarded as refuse. Refuse collection and disposal must be adequate and efficacious. The individual property owner then has no excuse for not keeping his premises clean and neat and only a small minority will fail to keep their grounds in good order. The present method of collection of garbage, ashes, and other refuse A\-ith disposal in sanitary fills in suitable ravines and depressions in the outlving and unde\'eloped parts of the city has proved satisfactory. The city controls and oper- ates all dumps within the corporate limits and nf) dumping of refuse in any other place except a public dump is permitted. In addition to the effect upon the city's appearance the promiscuous dumping of refuse can verv easilv become a menace to health. Many restaurants and shops, especially those dealing in fruit and vegetables, are the sources of large amounts of garbage and refuse. The rear of all stores should l)e kept clean and tidy. Accunuilation of debris in these locations not only presents a poor appearance but attracts rodents and vermin, as well. The Zoning By-law requires junk yards to be restricted to industrial disliicts and, in these locations, to be enclosed with a suitable fence. There are simie wirds that are not fenced and in some instances the junk is overflowing onto the linuk'\-ard 13 Junk yards should be rRurEKLY screened uv closed fenxes, space of the street, junk yards certainly do not add to the city's appearance and they should he relegated to heavy industrial districts and should also he properly screened hy suitable fencing. APPEARANCE OF PUBLIC PROPERTY The greater ]iiirtion of the city is developed l)y private individuals, the remainder bv the various public agencies which deal with such facilities as streets and lanes, parks, schools, and public buildings and public utilities. As an example for the private citizens, public developments should be particularly well designed, constructed, and maintained. A well- appearing city, pleasing to the human senses, is dependent upon well designed developments nf both tvpes. STREETS Approximate!}' twenty percent of the city's area is occupied Ijy streets. They are the most important means of travel within the urban area and most of the city is usually seen from the streets. Therefore, proper street design is fundamental to a well-appearing city. Major Strkkt.s. Some of the streets bearing the heaviest traffic are not only ugly themselves but frequentlv traverse the dingiest parts of the city. There is truly no real reason for allow- ing this condition to continue indefin- itely. These important thoroughfares — major streets Ptwtotiraph by Tony Archer King Edward Avenue, west of Macdonald Street, presents an excellent opportunity of landscaping the medial strip between the two roadways at different levels. should be designed with ade([uate rights-of-way to permit ])lanting appropriate street trees, not only in front of residential property, but wherever possilile, in front of commercial and indus- trial i)ro])ert\- .nlso. Certain major streets sliould be developed as parkways, boule- 14 vards, or scenic drives as proposed in the Park and School Report. The proposed ^^a^couver-New Westminster Express Highway, ^\■hen developed as now contem- plated with a wide and well landscaped right-of-way, will he an unusually attrac- tive major street. This type of street treatment will result in creating a fervent pride in the citizens and an extremely favourahle impression upon tourists. A MULTIPLICITY OF BL.VTAXT SIGXS OF INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS, BUT Courtesy of H . D. Cleveland ALL COLOURS IS UNSIGHTLY EVEN IN The concentratidii of commercial enterprises such as stores, gasoline service stations, tourist camps, and the like, at a few strategic locations rather than to allow them to spread sporadically along the main thoroughfares is another measure that would he heli)ful in hcauti tying the city. The Zoning By-law has heen of con- siderable assistance in this respect but much more can be done. L'- >.-'--■' r/ftrf'.-A- Photograph by Tony Archer . THEV ARK IX EXTREMELY POOR TASTE AT THE BEACHES ! 15 VANCOUVER BRITISN COLUMBIA PROPOSED CROSS SECTIONS FOr? DEVtLOPMENT OP CITY STPECTS STREET AND ROADWAY WIDTHS SHOULD NOT 5t CSTAbLISHED ARblTRADILY. ROADWAY WIDTHS -(DISTANCE BETWEEN CURBS) SHOULD BC BASED UPON THE NUM6EB OF LINES OF VEHICLES TO BE ACCOMODATED, AND STOECT WIDTHS- (DISTANCE BETWEEN PDOPERTY LINES) SHOULD BE DETERMINED FROM THE ROADWAY WIDTH AND AMPLE SPACE FOB BOULEVARDS AND SIDEWALKS. TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF MODERN STREET DESIGN ARE SHOWN BELOW SUITABLE TREES ARE LISTED IN THE REPORT. 3-LANE THOROUGHFARES (fob besidential stbeets only) A 50-FOOT STREET SHOULD BE USED ONLY IN A RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT WHERE NO MORE THAN 3 LANES OF VEHICLES WILL EVER BE REQUIRED A 6fc-FO0T WIDTH IS MODE FLEXIBLE AND SHOULD BE THE MINIMUM FOB MOST STBEETS. ULTIMATELY 4 LANES OF TRAFFIC COULD BE ACCOMODATED IF REQUIRED 4-LANE THOROUGHFARES (FOB MAJOB streets) A 66-FOOT STREET IS THE MINIMUM WIDTH FOR A MAJOR STREET. WITH 2 PARKING LANES AND Z MOVING LANES, ITS CAPACITY IS APPQOXIMATELY 475 VEHICLES PER HOUR EACH WAY 6-LANE THOROUGHFARES (fob major stbccts) ^,5, THIS lOO-FOOT WIDTH IS PURELY FOR USE AS A BOULEVARD DRIVE. ITS CAPACITY IS THE SAME AS THE 4-LANE 66-FOOT STBEET BUT IT COULD ULTIMATELY BE DEVELOPED TO 6 OB 8 LANES AN 80-FOOT WIDTH MAKES AN IDEAL MAJOR STREET. WITH 2 PARKING LANES AND 4 MOVING LANES, ITS CAPACITY IS APPQOXIMATELY 9T5 VEHICLES PER HOUR EACH WAY THIS 100 FOOT WIDTH IS SHOWN AS THE 6-LANE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ABOVE BOULEVARD DRIVE. ITS CAPACITY IS THE SAME AS THE 6-LANE 80-FOOT MAJOR STBEET ■ |fi>Baaeagi«l 8-LANE THOROUGHFARES (FOB MAJOB stbeets) THIS lOO-FOOT STREET IS DEVELOPED TO ITS MAXIMUM FOR A COMMERCIAL AREA. BOULEVARDS AND TREES ARE REPLACED BY A WIDE SIDEWALK. WITH 2 PARKING LANES AND 6 MOVING LANES, ITS CAPACITY IS APPROXIMATELY 1625 VEHICLES PER HOUR EACH WAY 10 10 lO 10 8 « 4t! THIS lOO-FOOT WIDTH IS SHOWN AS THE 8-LANE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ABOVE TWO BOULEVARD DRIVES. ITS CAPACITY IS THE SAA\E AS THE 8-LANE lOO-FOOT MAJOR STREET IN A COMMERCIAL AREA VANCOUVEQ TOWN PLANNING COMMISSION 1947 MARLAND BARTHOLOMEW AND ASSOCIATES TOWN PLANNERS 16 CONTRASTS! PRESENT PROPOSED King Edward Avenue, east of Marguerite Street IrjTH Avenue, west of Collingwood Street Aki.i ,, ,^ ..iim.i;t, north of 20th Avenue Views showing possibilities of improvement by the removal of poles from city streets. 17 Highway Entrances. It is of particular importance that the main highways entering the city present a good appearance. Suitable boulevard tree planting together with proper control of billboards and the ubiquitous blatant smaller adver- tising signs can do much to make these highway entrances pleasing and impressive. Poles and Wires. Probably the greatest single detraction frum the present appearance of Vancouver are the lines for electric power and telephone now occupy- ing so many of the streets — even some of the city's best boulevard drives and park strips are cluttered with these unsightly poles and wires. In addition to their poor appearance, these lines are a menace to public safety, as evidenced within recent months, and they also prevent the proper growth of good street trees. On manv of \'ancuuver's streets, trees have been horribly mutilated to keep them from interfer- ing with wires. The following action should be taken : J. Placing of any more pole lines on streets should be prohibited. 2. The city and the utility company should jointlv prepare a programme for removing all present lines from streets and placing them either in : (a) The lanes, which are almost universally found through- out \'ancouver, or (b) Underground. Placing the lines underground would be the most desirable solution. This, however, to date has been expensive and maintenance difiiculties are sometimes frequent and costly. It may be that continuation of recent improvement in cable coverings will solve this problem in the future. MUTILATION OF STREET TREES 10th Avenue, east of Alma Street Phototiraphs by Tony Archer Cypress Street, south of 43rd Avenue Street Trees. \'ancouver's climate enables many varieties of plant material to grow quickly and easily. The citv is noted especially for its flower gardens, which are found around almost every home. Under these conditions, it seems incredible that virtually no comprehensive policy of street tree planting and main- 18 Photo, Dtiph hy J oti\ .hji(it,-sy of H. ['. Cleveland One of Vancouver's modern industrial buildings. SEMI-PUBLIC BUILDINGS Semi-public buildings — institutions, churches, hospitals, private schools and the like — can add much to the appearance of the community especially if they are well designed and have ample open space and proper landscaping. VACANT PROPERTIES Vacant properties that are unkempt, overgrown with weeds, that contain hollows filled with stagnant water, and that are used for the dumping of ashes, refuse and junk, seriously detract from the appearance of the city. Moreover, they are a menace to public health since they usually become breeding places for rats and mosquitos. Where owners of such properties are negligent, the city should maintain them, fill the hollows, cut the weeds and brush, and remove the debris, charging the cost thereof to the owners. RESIDENTIAL AREAS The maintenance of residential areas in a desirable condition is largely a matter of individual action, but it can be facilitated greatly by community effort. It is in this field that property owners' associations, which should be actively interested in protecting and maintaining the character of ])roperty, can be of the greatest assis- tance. Individual owners would be encouraged to keep their homes and grounds in good condition for their owmi benefit as well as that of the neighbourhood at large. The general attractiveness of the older and poorer residential areas in both the downtown district and those surrounding it can be gradually improved. Delapi- dated houses and Iniildings should be removed or repairs made to bring houses up to a reasonable standard. 22 SIGNS AND BILLBOARDS The provision of the Zoning- Bv-law relating' to billboards and signs has improved the general appearance of the tity to a large extent prohibited in all but the more intensive commercial and industrial areas. No signs should be permitted in residential areas and in the local neighbourhood shopping centres only those pertaining to products or services sold on the prem- ises should be allowed. Billboards should l^e tUwt._ia> iipi: ry 1 ony Arctlt^r Illegal signs on a non-conforming store in a residential district. Vancouver has had so rapid a transformation from a small town to a large city that it has not outgrown all of the attributes of a small town. The overhanging signs in the business dis- trict are an example of this. There are now so many of these that advertising value of any one sign has almost com- pletely disappeared. Removal of these signs, which are occupying public right- of-way, \'\ould make all the downtown streets seem much wider and greatly im- prove the appearance of the central business district. SMOKE The most disagreeable feature of Vancouver, especially along the areas con- tiguous to the waterfronts, is that of smoke. In pre-war days, the civic authorities made a sincere and sustained effort, if not to stamp it out entirelv, at least to reduce it to a practical minimum. However, during the depression years, rigid enforcement was not possible, and there was a great amount of leniency in dealing with the mill and factory operators. During the war years practically all attempts at enforcement were abandoned. Not only w^as the use of oil fuel very severely restricted but only inferior grades of soft coal were obtainable. In recent years the smoke nuisance has been at its worst. The prevalence of smoke in \'ancouver is not only a menace to health and a very disagreeable nuisance in both home and office owing to the deposit of carbon particles, but due to fog and the suspension of smoke therein, visibilit}- very fre- quently becomes "zero", and the operation of automobiles, trucks, motor busses and trolley coaches liecomes quite hazardous. Mill burners, factories, locomotives, and heating units of hotel and office build- ings all create smoke. The only manner in which this particular blight upon the city's appearance and welfare can be eliminated is by a bold and determined eft'ort in the enforcement of the Smoke By-law. If it is ascertained that the by-law is not sufficiently adequate to attain the results that are desired by the city, it should be amended. Of particular importance is the entire eradication of smoke in the Marpole area. In this locality it has interfered greatly with the safe operation of aircraft at the Vancouver Airport on Sea Island. 23 APPENDIX I. STREET TREE BY-LAW RECOMMENDED BV COMMISSION In 11)1-. tliL- X'ancouver City Council passed By-law No. 940 relating tn "Boulevard and Shade Trees", which By-law was amended in May, kji". by By-law No. 1293. In the Commission's opinion this By-law and amendment are antiquated and (ibsolete. and therefore, should be repealed. It is further recommended t!iat the following suggested "'Street Tree By-law", or one which, in the opinion of the City Legal Department would be equally effec- tive, be enacted: CITY OF VANCOUVER STREET TREE BY-LAW NO. A By-law to regulate the planting, removal and replacement, and care, including pruning and spray- ing of street trees in the City of Vancouver. The Mayor and Coimcil of the Corporation of the City of Vancouver in open meeting assembled hereby enact as follows : 1. Tlii^ Bn By-law". be cited as the "Street Tree 2. In this B\-la\\, unless the context otherwise recjuires, the following words, terms, and e.xpressions shall ha\ e the respective meanings hereinafter assigned to them, that is to say : (1) "l^ioard" shall mean the Vancouver Board of Park Commissioners. (2) "Civic Forester" shall mean the forester appointed as herein provided and exercising the powers conferred by this By-law. (J) "Corporation" shall mean the Corporation of the City of Vancouver. (4) "Council" shall mean the Vancouver Citx' Council. (.^1 "Street" shall mean all property dedicated iir intended lor pulilic or private purposes or subject to public easements and shall include: highway, road, lane, alle}. place and square, or express wa\'. .i. The City Council hereby delegates the author- it\ to the Vancouver Board of Park Commissioners to plant, maintain and care for all street trees within the corpiirate limits of the City of Vancouver. 4. The Board of Park Commissioners sliall from time to time appoint a Civic Forester who shall be c(.im])etent to adA-ise the Board on all matters pertain- ing to the planting and care of street trees and who shall be responsible to the Board and its management. .Such Civic Forester shall have and exercise the po-.. ers conferred by this By-law. ?. The Civic Forester shall have supervision of and care over all trees now or hereafter planted or growing on any street, and it shall be his duty to enlorce the ])rovisions of this By-law. 6. The Civic Forester shall have authority, and is authorized to exercise it in respect to the "heading" to a suitable height above the sidewalk, of all trees planted for shade purposes or landscape effect, hi order that the lower branches of such trees may not impede the progress o!" persons using the sidewalks or street allowance. 7. The Civic Forester shall exercise his authorit.\ to prevent the planting of varieties of trees named in this By-law as being imdesirable for planting as street trees due to Ibeir habits of producing cones, fruits or leaves wdiich litter the sidewalks, or root systems which damage the sidewalks, curbs and gutters or road pavements ; and no person shall plant on an\ street any of these prohibited varieties. 8. The Civic Forester sliall see that streets of certain widths are planted with the variety or varie- ties ol trees prescribed in this By-law as the most suitable for the purpose by reason of their height, siiread and other varietal habits, and that the sug- gested distances apart, and alignment on the planting strip, are adhered to as herein designated. '). Subject to the directions of the Board and within the limits of the money procured for such purposes, the Civic Forester may plant, or cause to he planted, trees upon the streets, and may trim, I)rune, or cause to be trimmed, all trees on private propert) , the branches of which extend over a street. 10. The Civic Forester shall cut down and remove lorthwith or cause to be cut down and removed, all decayed trees upon the streets. 11. The t'ivic Forester shall cut down and rcmo\'e forthwith e\ery tree which has been injured by storms or from other causes in such a manner as to impede trafific. or to render the same a source of street, or on one side thereof, are of a certain species or variety, tlic Civic Forester ma.\ rerpiire that all trees proposed to be planted on such street or upon one side thereof, shall he of the same species and \aricty as the trees, or the greatest number of the trees, already planted thereon. 13. Subject til the provision of this B\-law the owner of land adjacent to a street may plant trees 25 upon the portion thereof contiguous to his land, upon obtaining the consent in writing of the Civic Forester. 14. The Civic Forester may refuse to permit the planting of trees or the planting of any one or more species or variety of trees, upon any street or part thereof, where, by reason of the nature of the pave- ments, walks, sewers, and other works thereon, or the use to which tlie lands abutting on such street are put. or in consequence of the extent and nature of the traffic thereon, or the insufficient breadtli thereof, or by reason of the existence of rock or unfertile soil thereunder, the planting of shade trees thereon would be impractical or dangerous to traffic, or constitute a nuisance upon such street. 15. No tree shall be so planted that the same is or may become a nuisance or obstruct the reasonable use of the street. 16. Any tree planted on a street contrary to the provisions of this By-law may lie removed by the Civic Forester, without notice or recompense. 17. Trees planted on the street shall be located at such distance froin the street line, or from the side- walk, as may be determined liy the Civic Forester under the provisions of this By-law. 18. The Board may instruct the Civic Forester to remove, transplant or cut down, or cause to be removed, transplanted or cut down, any tree planted or growing on any street after forty-eight (-18) hours' notice, in writing, to the occupant of the land opposite to which such tree is planted or growing, and the Corporation shall, in such case, not be liable to pay compensation to the owner or occupant of such land. 19. The notice mentioned in Section 18 may be given by leaving it with an adult resident upon the land, or if the land is unoccupied, by posting it in a conspicuous place upon the land. 20. Every person having a contract with the Corporation for the performance of any work upon the streets shall, in executing such contract or work, avoid injuring any tree, but if he shall find it im- possible to carry out such work without injuring a tree or trees, he sliall apply in writing to the Civic Forester for instructions. 21. Except as is herein otherwise provided, no person shall injure, remove or cut down any tree planted or growing on an\' street, and no person shall attach by any metal fastener or adhesive, any posters, signs, notices or placards on any tree planted or growing on any street. 22. The list of trees recommended for planting on city streets, attached hereto, shall be considered an integral part of this By-law. 23. Any person who ties or fastens an\ animal to, or who injures or destroys a tree planted or growing on a street, or who suffers or permits any animal in his charge to injure or destroy, or who cats down or removes any such tree contrary to the pro- \isions of this By-law. or without first having olitained permission in writing so to do, from the Civic F^orester, shall incur a penalt> not exceeding Tvventy-fi\e (2.t) dollars, recoverable under the Sum- mary Convictions Act. One-half the penalty shall go to the person laying the information and the other half shall be paid to the Board. 24. Subject to the provisions of Section 23. any person convicted of a breach of the provisions of this B\-lavv shall forfeit and pay at the discretion of the convicting Magistrate, a penalty not exceeding (ex- clusive of costs) the sum of Fifty (50) dollars for each oflfense and in default ol payment of the said penalty and costs fortliwith, the said penalty and costs, or costs only, may be levied by the distress and sale of the goods and chattels of the ofifender; and in the case of there being no distress found, out of which said penalty can be levied, the convicting Magistrate may commit the offender to the common gaol, with or without hard labor, for any period not exceeding Six (6) calendar months, unless the said penalty and costs (if any), including the costs of the said distress and the commital and conveyance of the offender to the said gaol, are sooner paid. 25. This By-law shall gt) into force and take effect on and after date of the passing thereof. Done and passed in open Council, this dav of A.D. 19 Signed.. Mayor (Seal) Signed.. City Clerk 26 LIST OF TREES SUITABLE FOR PLAXTLXG ON CITV STREETS, RECOMMENDED IN SECTION 22: FOR STREETS 40 AND 66 FEET WIDE: Variety of Tree Botanical Name Flowering Ash Fraxinus Ornus 25 Mountain Ash Pynis attcnparia 25 Fkiwering Cherry Pniiius sf>cciosa 20 (sterile forms only) Golden Chain (new type) .... Lahiiniuin Vossi 20 Magnolia Magnolia spcciosa 25 (coloured flower) Purple Leaf Plum I'rtiiius ccrasifcra fissardi . . 2^ Distance Between Trees 30 30 30 30 30 30 FOR STREETS 66 FEET WIDE: Birch, White Cutleaf Catalpa European Linden Maideii-hair Tree Bcluhi alba laciniata Catalpa spcciosa Tilia vulgaris Ginkgo biloba Maple, Norway Acer platanoidcs Maple, Sugar Maple, Sycamore Oak, Pin Oak, Red Oak, Scarlet Tree of Heaven Ailanthus glandulosa White Ash Fraxinus anicricana Acer saccharuni Acer pscudo-plaianus Ouercus paluslris . Quercus rubra . Ouercus coccinea 30 to 40 feet 35 •• 40 ■ 30 •• 40 • 30 " 40 ' 35 " 40 ' 40 " 50 • 35 " 40 30 •' 40 ' 35 " 40 ' 35 " 40 ' 35 " 40 ' 30 " 40 ' FOR STREETS 80 AND 100 FEET WIDE: American Basswood or Linden . . . I'ilia anicricana 60 " 75 American Elm L'hniis aincricana 60 " 75 Silver Maple Acer dasycarpuni 50 " 60 Plane (American) Plafanus oecidentalis . . . . 50 " 60 White Oak Oucrcns alba 50 " 60 OPTIONAL TREES NOT HIGHLY RECOMMENDED: Horse Chestnut Acscnlns hippocaslanuin Evergreen Trees Certain special types. Japanese Walnut higlans sicboldiana 35 " 40 " 35 " 40 " TREES NOT RECOMMENDED BECAUSE OF BAD HABITS: Acacia Alders Eastern Chestnut Evergreen Trees British Columhia Broad-leaved Maple Poplar Sucker too much. Forest trees; not suitable for streets; short lived. Subject to disease. Many types not suitable. Forest trees ; large root systems break sidewalks. Short lived and weak. Not suitable for several reasons. 27 APPENDIX II. NOTES ON CARE OF TREES ON CITV STREETS 1. THE SKLhXTION OF PROl'KR VAKITIES Tlie By-law jjrescriLies both llic varieties to be used and the distances between the trees. This is necessary in order to lessen the cost of sidewalk repair whicli is often due to the abnormal root growth and pressure of varieties not suitable for city streets. Other varieties are too large for those boulexard strips which are overhung by telephone and light wires. Mutilated trees are an eye-sore. As one authority states, "As important as the task of planting shade trees, is the problem of selecting tlie proper species." 2. THE .\PPE:aRANCE OF THE STREET. Cities gain in reputation largely due to their appearance — "One of the material aids to the health and attractiveness of cities and towns is trees." In the drafting or a Street Tree By-law, most cities, in framing such a by-law. have in mind the factors which both add to this attractiveness, and at the same time lessen the costs for Street Tree maintenance. Maintenance costs over each year, and especially lor a long-term period, are influenced by the follow- ing factors : The type of tree used. Proper pruning practices. The longevity of the variety used. The leaf and fruiting habit of the variety used. 5. The suitability of varieties. certain soils for certain 6. The height the tree is headed above the side- walk. 7. .\lso other factors that are discussed in a small pamphlet which many cities print and make available to all interested citizens. 29